Role of science

With the general humanistic directivity of these recommendations for the doctors, who conduct the biomedical studies, which include experiences on the people, they do not, naturally, give answer to many questions. Thus, among the scientists, until now, there is no unanimous opinion relative to however, the fact that to consider experiment on the people. In resolution of questions of experiment in medicine medical community directs efforts for an indispensable combination of interests of science for the good of society and interests of individual personality, its optimum safety. Among the works of this plan should be especially noted [S]. [D]. Nosov's monograph “questions of in the scientific research work of doctor” (1975). The given examples by no means exhaust all moral and ethical problems in medicine, which were appeared as a result scientific achievements in the epoch of scientific and technical progress. Thus, special attention require the moral problems, generated by the influence of scientific and technical revolution on the population processes, including connected with gerontology and geriatry, obtaining increasing public sounding in connection with aging populations. In the contemporary science specific moral problems appear in connection with each scientific task or scientific discovery. The society is located higher the step of development on which, the greater the sharpness with which a question about the social responsibility of scientist, about the intercommunication between the science and the morals is raised. The growth of the role of science in the life of contemporary society requires close attention to the moral essence of scientific achievements, to the moral position of scientist.the deserved innovator of the republic Of , the docent of the department of neurology and neurosurgery [DPUP] [GUMF] [im]. To [n]. , the vice director of the national practical-scientific center of fast medical aid (Moldavia)

Contemporary medicine pays considerable attention to questions of the interrelation between human health and special features of his nourishment. Recently nourishment increasingly is examined not only as the means of saturation and the energy source, but also as the factor, which defines the normal functioning of all systems of organism, and as the means of the preventive maintenance of diseases.

Health and instruction

Health and instruction are interconnected and interdependent. The stronger the health of student, the more productive its instruction. This it is possible to attain by systematic work on in the complex in the fixed and extra-fixed time: charging, , autotrainings on the lessons, timely nourishment, and, certainly, diverse creative lessons (lesson- march, lesson search, lesson- excursion, lesson- play, festival, quiz, the lesson- session of academic council, presentation so forth), entire complex of educational work, extra-fixed measures (marches, competitions, competition, the occupation of circles, on the interest, practical-scientific conferences…). From the variety of the forms of work without the monotony with the use of play and creative elements and because of the possibility of their conducting in fresh air the students obtain powerful glad energy, pleasure from that made, that is the sanitating factor, is strengthened nervous system, engine apparatus, it is improved general exchange of substances.

I obtained positive results with respect to of retention and strengthening of the health of schoolboy in the course of research activity with the senior pupils in the literary regional study, for which I developed the author's program, affirmed by the college for advanced training of the teachers of city Naberezhnye Chelny. On the basis of this work I created application to the traditional program on the literature “literary regional study. 5-9 classes. ”, content of which is directed toward moral of children. Important role in the selection of the thematics of scientific research activity play the systematic side of its fulfillment, the variety of the forms of activity. Theoretical and practical data, obtained in the process of research- search activity, can be used both in the process of instruction and in the process of training, which contributes to a substantial increase in the quality of formation and, correspondingly, to strengthening health.

The proposed program on the literary regional study can use both the teachers of Russian literature and the teacher of Tatar literature, history, geography and class leadersIdeas about the tasks of science because of the need of passing the civilization to the steady development very substantially depend on that how to understand steady development. Therefore it is expedient to begin from the determination. For purposes setting and the analysis of scientific tasks “classical” determination of steady development, this by commission [G].[Kh]., are represented insufficient to strict and concrete, it pursues other purposes - popularizing, and it can be, even populist. Let us give it verbatim: “the development, which satisfies the need of present time, but does not imperil the ability of the future generations to satisfy its own needs”

The future generations

A central failure in this definition - complete uncertainty relative to the needs of the future generations. With what needs does deal the discussion? Only about the minimum physiological? Or also about the needs, imputed by advertisement (not only straight line, but also by the indirect, entire system of the means of of mass user), whose satisfaction does hardly contribute to stability in its any reasonable understanding? Should be correlated needs with the methods of their satisfaction to, i.e., understand them “historically”, or they must be examined irrespectively of these methods? What is intended under “the ability to satisfy need” - the presence of certain external resources or, furthermore, the skill to use them? It is obvious that the degree of the satisfaction of the needs of each generation, if the expenditure of the nonreproducible resources is assumed, narrows the possibilities of the satisfaction of analogous needs by the same methods of any of the future generations. Consequently, is assumed the possibility of the commensuration of the needs of different generations, including sufficiently those removed one from another (moments, for which it would be necessary to carry out a similar commensuration, they defend on 25, 50, 75 even more than years). To contemporary science this task it is complete not on the forces; sometimes it, can become, and it will prove to be not so complex, but the necessary condition of this must be not so much the development of science itself, as achieved passage to the steady development, which will, possibly, remove task itself from the agenda. But this circumstance by no means is added to the determination of for the solution of the problems of not so distant a prospect. The noted difficulties , if we as the only taken need into the attention in this context examine the need for the survival. To use concept need or not - a matter of taste. With this approach such development, which ensures the survival of the future generations, i.e., of the kind of human, is recognized as steady. Naturally, survival is examined not absolutely (oecumenical cataclysms as a drop to the earth in the gigantic meteorites, they remain beyond the limits of analysis), but relative to the threats, caused on the development of person himself, civilization. For giving to this determination the larger concreteness one should refine, what threats must precisely resist humanity, in order to ensure its survival. Such threats, in our opinion, are classified into three groups: ecological, medico- social and sociopolitical (respectively they are separated even three aspects of steady development). According to the approach stated, the determination of steady development appears as follows: steady development - such social development, with which is not destroyed its natural basis, created living conditions do not draw the degradation of man and social- destructive processes are not developed to the scales, which threaten safety of society . The given determination is built during the negations. This is not amazing, since the matter concerns protection from the threats. What does threaten contemporary civilization?

The Environment

First, the destruction of living environment. The genetically biological form Of homo of sapiens is adapted to the life under the well-defined ambient conditions. Certainly, the person allotted by reason gradually learned to live on Wednesday, characterized by the wider spread of characteristics, than optimally corresponding to his genome. But, in the first place, this process of expansion has its boundaries, and they are already achieved. In the second place, the periphery of the mastered by them “space inconvenient for the life of people” (they are intended, of course, not geographical, but system boundaries) severely takes vengeance for its mastery of themes, who in it attempts constantly to dwell - by stresses, by physiological disorders, by weakening immunity and so forth

* In the second place, weakening population health, in particular the disturbance of the genome of man. Health suffers not only in the inhabitants of the periphery of the mastered space, but also it “central regions”, not only in the poor countries, but also in the rich. Morbidity by many illnesses grows not only, where poor, not provide ford with medical technology and qualified doctors public health, but also, where there is all - money, the most perfect medical equipment, the best pharmacopoeia and the best personnel, assembled from the entire world. Most characteristic - portion of newborns with the genetic deviations: this index grows everywhere. Addiction, alcoholism, sexual deviations, which impede the normal reproduction of population - these extremely negative, alarming phenomena everywhere and everywhere with each day are encountered increasingly more frequently. The number of stressing factors continuously grows, the successes in the fight with any one of them are compulsorily accompanied by the appearance of two-three new.

* Thirdly, the destruction of the fixed during the millenia mechanisms of social stabilization. The mentioned social ailments, is extremely which are negatively affected population health, are extended by the accelerated rates precisely because of weakening of the mechanisms of social control. Material living conditions change more rapidly than society it manages to correspondingly modify stabilizer mechanisms. In its time the population explosion in the Third World arose because the traditional type of the reproduction of population was destroyed, but for its replacing new type of reproduction it was not formed proper conditions. Analogous situation occurs now in the Third World on a whole series of aspects. In particular, terrorism appears in [sotsiume], where the traditional mechanisms of stabilization are destroyed and in this case they do not appear, are late or suffer fiasco new, is forced social stress, first of all because of an increase in the differentiation of population on the level of welfare, and public forces do not find a legitimate way out, vital values lose - and for the forming of terrorist organizations all conditions it is present. Religious values are perverted, instead of the fulfillment of stabilizer function, as it was for a period of many centuries, religion - in the extreme manifestations - sometimes becomes the factor of strengthening destabilization. The bureaucratization of control, judicial system, the bloom of corruption and the like - single-valued evidence precisely of the destruction of the stabilizing social structures, regardless of the fact, we can to describe them or at least to name or not.

The question unavoidably arises with this view on the contemporary civilization: is it possible to indicate the certain limits, further which on no account must go the processes of destroying of environment, population health and stabilizing social structures?, and Dennis with the colleagues in their famous report to the Club of Rome examined in by something an analogous question. Them interested existence of the limits of the increase - population and the economy. However, the matter indeed is not simple in the increase. It is possible to destroy everything, anything, and without any increase. But possible satisfactorily and stably grow - naturally, not to infinity (in the physical aspect).

Estimation of the health

In connection with this represents known interest the concrete sociological study of subjective evaluation (via the corresponding procedures) by person himself, with one or other social (professional or demographic) population group or another of the state of its health to the given moment (satisfactoriness or dissatisfaction by available state, the desired health status), at results of which we will pause below. It is natural that the discussion deals not with the everyday treatment of this phenomenon; a study was conducted on the basis of the scientifically formulated and “technologically” studied concept.

In the contemporary Marxist and western literature there are more than hundred determinations and approaches to the concept “health”. For the basis we accepted the social- biological approach, which was clearly determined in the work of such Soviet researchers as The existing in the literature approaches to the determination of concept “health” it is possible to classify as follows: 1) health - this is the absence of diseases; 2) “health” and “standard” - concepts are identical; 3) health as the unity of morphological, psychoemotional and social and economic constants.

On the health

Bourgeois scientists in understanding of phenomenon “health” proceed from the anatomist- morphological, physiologo- functional or psychological bases. In the first case human health treats on the basis of the average indices, obtained with repeated measurement of the structural elements of organism. The secondly - is ignored the role of environment and is absolutized harmony of the functions of organism as the originally this process. These two directions can be attributed to the biological understanding of health - “biologism”. The representatives of the third direction interpret health as internal psychological estimation by very individual of their health, commensurate with publicly taken normative. The authors and the supporters of this direction indicate the social medium as to the unique background for the health.

As the starting point for the sociological interpretation of the health, in the opinion of the number of philosopher- marxists and progressive researchers of capitalist countries, is considered the definition, accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO (World Health Organization)): “Health is the state of complete physical, spiritual and social prosperity, but not only the absence of diseases and physical defects”. At the same time in this determination there is no indication pA health and the responsibility of individual for the state of its health, and abstract notion “prosperity” gives the possibility of its subjective treatment.

Too important

But if not to infinity, the fact that precisely are placed the limits of increase? Them are placed stabilizer mechanisms, these limits are those peak loads, which one can maintain such mechanisms, preserving its capability. And it is not too important, increase or something other is the reason for the destructive levels of loads. It is important to know breaking points. Critically important not to allow passage beyond these limits, since this passage indicates the start of the irreversible processes. Very existence of breaking points trivially follows from the theory of the regulation: any regulating system allows only the limited external actions, output for such limitations makes regulation impossible. Do know we the breaking points of the mechanisms, which stabilize environment, population health and ? Of three cases indicated (but it is possible that in the course of time they will be located and others) in two sciences practically even it was not assigned by this question. Only posed a similar problem, after introducing the concept of the biosphere (on a global scale, for the tasks of more low levels - carrying capacity of ecosystems) carrying capacities. The carrying capacity of biosphere (it - economic, and also ecological capacity) - this is the limit of the anthropogenic action, after which (if the exceeding actions they acquire a constant nature) in the biosphere begin the irreversible degradation changes, the ability then to reproduce environment loses, so that its characteristics would remain in the boundaries acceptable for the biota. Certainly, the concept of the carrying capacity cannot serve as the model of scientific strictness, not one generation of will refine it, moreover in different aspects. However, are known attempts the estimations of the ecological capacity of biosphere, in any case, its that anthropogenic exceeding, which already occurs. The contemporary exceeding of anthropogenic load on the biosphere is evaluated at the studies indicated as tenfold, and passage beyond the limit of the carrying capacity times to the boundary OF THE XIX - 20th century (we will hope that the duration of this exceeding - about 100 years - thus far cannot be qualified as sufficient for the initiation of ecological catastrophe).

The biological form

It would seem, posing of the question is sufficiently natural: with what portion of genetic deviations from the standard (characteristic of the degree of the degradation of gene pool, the breaking point of genome) biological form does threaten the degeneration? Apparently, this critical portion is unequal for different taxons of biological classification. The attempts to find in the literature the formulation of this problem for one classification taxon did not at least crown by success. However, population health is determined not only by the state of gene pool, but also by other factors, so that fully task is still more complex. If medical sciences are at least terminologically relatively prepared to the analysis of similar tasks, which are concerned population human health, then about the sciences of social and this it is not possible to say. One should recognize that our knowledge about the human society are extremely insufficient. The quantity indicators, computed in sociology, characterize only the surface of appearances, they are thus far weakly connected with the deep concepts, which have qualitative nature. Matter not in the absence the concrete (let rough) numerical estimations, [sootnosimykh] to these concepts: there are no conceptual approaches to their construction - even on the basis of values, until not measured, but on the assumption that in the future the methods of their measurement are built (or they will be located means for the necessary studies). Steady development occurs in the region, limited by breaking points, it does not exceed its limits. Most important scientific problem - to at least in the first approximation, describe this region, to estimate such limits. (In principle they they are not constants, they can change in the dependence on different factors, first of all anthropogenic, and the region, with which the discussion deals, it is for sure complicatedly arranged.) The work on the solution of this problem includes practically all questions, which are concerned the study of the mechanisms of the stabilization of development.

The invention

The discussion deals, of course, not with the technologies, not about engineering, but about the qualitative enrichment of our knowledge about nature, man and society, therefore, and about setting of tasks for the technology and engineering. One should stop especially on this moment. The development of technologies for the course of the entire history of humanity occurred in essence spontaneously. As the guide of this development came out, first of all, the market: specifically, its “orders” noted the sections of the most active inventor searches. The second on the significance “customer” should be named the army (existence of the market for armaments it by no means abolishes thesis about the [nerynochnom] nature of initial pulses to the development of new armaments). The specific value in the history of technology has the initiative of inventor, who strives of existence of external customer to irrespectively quench its own thirst of innovations (and also these or other “expectation of humanity”), such phenomena can be named the invention. Fundamental science serves as the information base of development of technology (by supplier of ideas). The specific role in this case always played the not depending on the fundamental science invention (axe, hammer, nails, scissors, bow with the arrows and much other they were invented without the support to theoretical knowledge and without the prompts from its side). However, the portion of the innovations, which fall to this invention, constantly it is lowered, although hardly sometimes it will be reduced to zero. The key man of technical progress was always and remains to this day inventor. However, the critical situation, in which proved to be humanity, makes it necessary to rethink the role of inventor and innovations. In this case it is not intended to lay fault for all misfortunes of humanity, for the inadmissible approximation to breaking points (and even passage for them) to the scientific and technical progress, as alarmists frequently make.

The criteria

Main fault - always on the customer. The criteria of the selection of possible innovations are established precisely by customers - market and army. These criteria reflect either market effectiveness (i.e. the expected return from the means packed in realizing of innovation, the payback period investments), or military effectiveness (is evaluated somewhat more difficult than market, but basic idea the same: result, in this case serviceman, measured by increase in the lethal force, the radius of destruction, probability of kill of target and the like, is correlated to expenditures). To the middle of past century practically no one was interested in the indirect consequences of the introduction of innovation - by its action on the state of environment, on the population health, on the stability of [sotsiuma]. It is in no way simple to answer a question about that, positive or negative must be integral (i.e. taking into account all aspects) estimation of many inventions, including of such, without which contemporary life is unthinkable, beginning from the weapon of mass destruction and ending with the television, the alcoholic beverages and . The reconsideration of the role of inventor consists of the acknowledgement of the fact that not innovation itself must be the focus of attention, not economic, military and other possible “branch” estimations must determine its fate, but the comprehensive analysis of the consequences of its realization. As the prototype of this analysis serves ecological examination, but it takes into consideration only one of the necessary aspects, it is even then far from fully, it is not complete, being oriented, as a rule, to too close temporary a horizon. On its essence this work - prognostic, its news must scientific workers, since under no circumstances it will not become routine, formalized. Specifically, to the scientific forecast of the consequences of realizing of innovation must belong the decisive word, and not inventor, but forecaster must be central figure in the technical development of steady global . It is at the same time obvious that the possibilities of contemporary science for the realization of a similar prognostic analysis are completely insufficient. Moreover, they never will become sufficient.

Decision making

Therefore that predominating in decision making relative to innovations must be the presumption of danger - in the ecological, medico- social and sociopolitical aspects. In connection with to ecological aspect this principle (presumption of the ecological danger of any project, actually - innovation in the wide understanding) is recorded in the Russian federal law “about the ecological examination” and in the analogous legislative acts of many countries. (In spite of the [bezuslovnuyu] need for this record, it is necessary to express doubt about the fact that this law could be accepted by the present composition of the State Duma.) The practically indicated principle means that any doubts relative to safety of innovation about all known aspects must be received as arguments against its realization (in any case to those times, thus far doubt they will not be scattered). This approach to the scientific and technical progress will convert it into the stabilizing factor in all three trends in steady development (ecological, medico- social and sociopolitical), after excluding the destabilizing effects. Thus, apropos the roles of science in the passage to the steady development in this report are noted two moments. The first lies in the fact that the super problem of science should be understood as the determination of the stability region of civilization - structurization, refinement, concrete definition and quantitative determination of the concepts of the breaking points of those mechanisms and structures, which ensure reproduction and stability of environment, population of the form Of homo of sapiens and human society. The solution of this super problem assumes the deepening of studies of the fundamental laws of the development of biosphere, man and society. The very substantial part of the scientific problems, developed at present, generally speaking, falls under this super problem; however, the absence of aim to it precisely pulverizes the attention of researchers and prevents the system comprehension of the obtained results. This moment is directly connected with goal setting for the research works. The second moment consists of the assertion of the need for a radical change in the relation to the innovations, the [bezuslovnogo] priority of the scientific forecast of the consequences of realizing of the innovation above all real and imaginary advantages, which follow from the particular indices of its result.

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• Role of science
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• Estimation of the health
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